Today, I will begin my 12-part series of looking at every available adaptation of Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. Now, there are several versions and retellings, but I was able to whittle it down to 11 because they could be found on DVD, YouTube, or in the movie theater. Part 1 will focus on the first and best-known adaptation – the 1939 film starring Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon.
Before I get into the review, I must add a disclaimer. The earliest known movie version of Wuthering Heights was released in 1920. However, it remains lost to this very day. Hence, the reason why I’m starting with the Oscar-nominated 1939 adaptation.
The first thing I want to point out is that a handful of versions omit the second half of the novel. The 1939 version is no exception. This may be for a variety of reasons. Screenwriters Charles MacArthur and Ben Hecht didn’t want to deal with the incest, the scene involving Heathcliff digging up Catherine’s grave, or Heathcliff’s cruelty towards the next generation. Or, it may be because the first half is more interesting than the second. Whatever the reason was, I will point this out in subsequent reviews.
With that being said, not only does cutting out the second half make this film feel incomplete, but it also changes the tone of the story. This omission alters it from being a gothic horror to a romance. This is best exemplified by the slightly different framework. Instead of Nelly telling Mr. Lockwood why Heathcliff is such a horrible person, it’s her reciting the tragic love story between the foundling and Catherine. In addition, since the second half is out, almost everything at the end feels underwhelming, yet there was great build-up and pacing throughout the flick.
However, as much as it’s easy to judge the movie by what it isn’t, it’s better to review it by what it sets out to be. And, in this case, it wants to highlight the tragic romance between two stepsiblings. Does it succeed? Yes, the chemistry between Oberon (Catherine) and Olivier (Heathcliff) is undeniable. Viewers would be wholeheartedly invested in seeing these two get together despite social obligations and their toxicity. This is remarkable considering that those actors reportedly didn’t like each other while making this movie. I wouldn’t have noticed. Speaking of their tormented romance, this flick acknowledges this from time to time, especially when Heathcliff is guilt-tripping Catherine for marrying Edgar at Thrushcross Grange. However, it’s more focused on why these two should be together.
Other elements in the film also enhance the romance. The music composed by Alfred Newman (Randy Newman’s uncle) swelters in ways that are typical for 1930s love stories. I adore how Mozart’s “Piano Sonata in A major, K.331: Rondo alla Turca” was utilized to highlight the tension among the main characters. The English Moors setting highlights how their love is vast and untamed with its open fields, rocks, and heather. Even the difference between the Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange estates is stark. The former is impoverished with its bare and dusty rooms, and the latter looks like a Southern plantation straight out of Gone With the Wind. This shows that despite Catherine’s love for Heathcliff, she would like to live in wealth and away from her awful brother Hindley.
Although the movie doesn’t fully capture the spirit of the novel, the actors do with their characters. The supporting cast is good in spite of not being given a whole lot to do. Hugh Williams plays Hindley like the boo-hiss character he’s meant to be, particularly when he’s abusing Heathcliff. Anytime he was on screen, I proclaimed, “Hindley, you piece of s***.”
David Niven fits perfectly as the calm, level-headed, and morally righteous Edgar. Geraldine Fitzgerald plays Isabella and does well with her stupidity and spitefulness towards Catherine. She got an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for this role. I suspect it was because of her scene pleading to Heathcliff to love her as much as she does after they are married (even though this is in contrast to what Isabella actually does in the book).
Oberon and Olivier are fantastic as Catherine and Heathcliff. The former does a great job of playing Catherine as stubborn, spoiled, and possibly having borderline personality disorder. She also taps into the character’s tenderness, especially when she tells Nelly why she loves Heathcliff. Olivier has the most memorable role in the film, and he sells it. He infuses Hamlet-esque brooding into the enigmatic character. This makes him passionate and calculative. He is the perfect 1930s version of a Bryonic Hero. Olivier was known for his stage work at the time, so he could have gone over the top with his portrayal, but he tempers his performance just right, especially after multiple takes by director William Wyler. This earned Olivier the first of several Oscar nominations, especially in the Best Actor category. Funny enough, he lost to Robert Donat for his performance as the titular character in Goodbye, Mr. Chips. Now, I’m fully aware that Olivier is a white man, and he clearly looks like so in the movie, despite other characters describing him as “dark as the devil” and having a Chinese emperor for a father and an Indian queen for a mother. Ironically, Oberon is biracial since her mother was from India. Also, this wouldn’t be the last time Olivier would play a character of color.
This version of Wuthering Heights garnered several Oscar nominations, including the aforementioned acting categories, directing, screenplay, score, art direction, and Best Picture, yet it only won one. That was for legendary cinematographer Gregg Toland. Anyone who has taken film classes in high school and/or college would definitely have seen at least one of his films. His best-known work includes the 1940 adaptation of The Grapes of Wrath, The Best Years of Our Lives, and Citizen Kane. Toland was influential in the work of cinematography due to his use of deep focus shots and lighting. He uses both to great effect in Wuthering Heights, especially how certain characters like Heathcliff stay partially in the dark at times. And of course, I can’t forget the low-angle shot of Heathcliff opening his arms and Catherine embracing him afterwards in the moors. That’s iconic. This was the only time Toland won an Academy Award in his all too brief career, for he died in 1948. Wuthering Heights winning Best Black-and-White Cinematography makes a lot of sense.
I might like the 1939 Wuthering Heights version more if I didn’t read the book first. There’s a lot to admire about it. It’s beautifully filmed, scored, and designed. In addition, it contains some great performances by actors who understood their characters. However, the omission of the second half of the novel is felt, especially when the build-up essentially leads to nothing. It’s certainly a tame translation of the book. Also, I blame this flick for making the general public perceive the novel as a romance rather than a twisted gothic horror. Even though it doesn’t fully capture the book’s spirit, it’s still a well-made conventional movie that I would recommend to those looking to get into Wuthering Heights. It’s a good gateway into the other adaptations.
Speaking of which, at the end of every Wuthering Heights adaptation review, I will rank them. For example, I will put the 1939 flick like this for now:
- Wuthering Heights 1939 Movie Version
We’ll see how this ranking goes after I see all the others.
Stay tuned next month when I review the 1950 teleplay with Charlton Heston!
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